Jeffrey Grossman – Thermodynamics: Four Laws That Move the Universe

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Jeffrey Grossman – Thermodynamics: Four Laws That Move the Universe
Thermodynamics: Four Laws That Move the Universe

Delve into the fascinating and enormously important subject of thermodynamics and discover the four laws that govern so much of the world around us.
LECTURE
Trailer  
01:Thermodynamics-What’s under the Hood

Starting with the example of cooked food, see how thermodynamics governs all processes that use energy to transform materials-whether the product is a pan of brownies or a cell phone. Preview the course by imagining what it would take to build modern technological civilization from scratch.

32 min
02:Variables and the Flow of Energy

Chart the key historical milestones in the development of thermodynamics. Then compare macroscopic and microscopic views of the world, and consider how the relationship between a material’s properties, structure, performance, and processing can be represented by the four corners of a tetrahedron.

29 min
03:Temperature-Thermodynamics’ First Force

Analyze the most central idea of thermodynamics: temperature. Investigate the origin of different temperature scales and the various methods for measuring temperature. See how the concept of temperature is a consequence of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which deals with the nature of thermal equilibrium.

33 min
04:Salt, Soup, Energy, and Entropy

Explore other basic concepts that are critical to thermodynamics. These include the idea of a system, boundary conditions, processes that occur within systems, the meaning of the state of a system, the definition of equilibrium, and a much-misunderstood quantity called entropy.

31 min
05:The Ideal Gas Law and a Piston

Understand how pressure, volume, and temperature are state functions related by a formula known as the ideal gas law. Contrast these variables with work and heat, learning why they are not state functions. See how the ideal gas law can be used to calculate the work done by a piston.

34 min
06:Energy Transferred and Conserved

Discover that the values for work and heat in a given system depend on the path taken to get to a particular state. But note that the sum of work and heat does not depend on the path; it is a constant. This remarkable fact is the foundation of the first law of thermodynamics.

31 min
07:Work-Heat Equivalence

Witness examples of energy transforming from one type to another-from mechanical to heat. First, see how the ideal gas law can be used to ignite a piece of cotton. Then, witness how soup can be made piping hot by rapid mixing. Also, probe the concepts of reversibility and irreversibility.

30 min
08:Entropy-The Arrow of Time

Probe the connection between entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, which states that all real processes tend to increase the entropy of the universe. Explore some important consequences of the law, including the fact that time flows in only one direction.

32 min
09:The Chemical Potential

Study molar and partial molar quantities, which are indispensable for describing what happens when materials are combined. Focus on the case of water mixed with ethanol, which adds up to a surprising volume. These ideas lead to one of the most important variables in thermodynamics: chemical potential.

33 min
10:Enthalpy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Define the Gibbs free energy, which is closely related to entropy and allows the determination of equilibrium for systems under realistic experimental conditions. Then encounter a related variable, enthalpy, which is useful when discussing constant pressure processes.

30 min
11:Mixing and Osmotic Pressure

Marvel at the power of osmosis by investigating the thermodynamic force that drives a liquid to flow from one side of a barrier to another. This force is called the chemical potential gradient, and it has wide application in performing work, from desalinating water to generating electricity.

30 min
12:How Materials Hold Heat

Learn how different materials vary in their ability to absorb heat. This factor is called heat capacity, and it provides a crucial way to correlate energy flow with temperature. Study the heat capacity of various materials, and see how quantum effects reduce heat capacity at very low temperatures.

31 min
13:How Materials Respond to Heat

Turn to the problem of thermal energy flow and volume. This phenomenon causes materials to expand when heated and contract when cooled. Analyze these events at the atomic scale, and study the unusual behavior of water when it freezes-an attribute that is essential to life as we know it.

30 min
14:Phases of Matter-Gas, Liquid, Solid

Investigate the properties of different materials as they change phase from solid to liquid to gas. Witness the surprising behavior of supercooled water, and discover that phase diagrams are an important tool for predicting how temperature and pressure determine when phase transitions occur.

31 min
15:Phase Diagrams-Ultimate Materials Maps

Why does ice melt above 0°C? Why does water boil above 100°C? What quantity governs the equilibrium between liquid and gaseous phases? Use phase diagrams to probe these and other questions. Also watch a stunning demonstration of the triple point, where freezing and boiling occur simultaneously!!

32 min
16:Properties of Phases

Dig deeper into the properties of phases and phase diagrams. First, see how a flask of water can be made to boil by cooling it. Then, explore why a curve in a phase diagram has a certain slope. Close with a multicomponent phase diagram that explains why salt causes ice to melt.

30 min
17:To Mix, or Not to Mix?

Explore the phenomenon of mixing-a crucial process for any situation where the product is composed of more than one material. Focus on the case of oil and water, which are notoriously unmixable, and discover what keeps them separate at the molecular level.

31 min
18:Melting and Freezing of Mixtures

Apply phase diagrams to the analysis of phase transitions of mixtures. Find that a mixture of two different components often has surprising properties. Learn why solder and other eutectic materials melt at a dramatically lower temperature than do their constituent substances.

29 min
19:The Carnot Engine and Limits of Efficiency

Study heat engines and their design limits for converting heat into work. The maximum possible efficiency in a heat engine is defined by the Carnot engine, an unattainable ideal whose properties illustrate the second law of thermodynamics.

30 min
20:More Engines-Materials at Work

Evaluate four other approaches to generating work from thermodynamic forces: magnetism, phase change, entropy, and surface tension. These unusual engines demonstrate the many different ways to produce mechanical energy from the unique properties of materials.

34 min
21:The Electrochemical Potential

Use a classic science fair project-the potato battery-to trace the source of the electron flow that makes batteries so indispensable to modern life. In the process, learn about the electrochemical potential, which describes the underlying thermodynamics of any system in which chemical reactions are occurring together with charged particles.

31 min
22:Chemical Reactions-Getting to Equilibrium

Chemical reactions are fundamentally part of everything we do. Learn how the concepts of thermodynamics reveal when a reaction will occur, and when it will not. Focus on the famous Haber process, which transformed agriculture by allowing nitrogen to be easily extracted from the atmosphere.

31 min
23:The Chemical Reaction Quotient

Continue your study of chemical reactions by contrasting two different types of reactions, shedding light on a crucial factor called the reaction quotient. In the first reaction, study pure compounds reacting together. Then look at dissolved compounds reacting. Learn how to compute the reaction quotient at any concentration.

34 min
24:The Greatest Processes in the World

Review the major concepts covered in the course. Then look ahead at innovative technologies that may help solve the world’s urgent energy and fresh water needs. These promising processes rely on the design of new materials, which can only be achieved through a deep understanding of thermodynamics.

35 min
DETAILS
Overview
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the movement of heat. Nothing seems simpler, but nothing is more subtle and wide-ranging in its effects. And nothing has had a more profound impact on the development of modern civilization. Thermodynamics: Four Laws That Move the Universe gives you an in-depth tour of this vital and fascinating science in 24 enthralling lectures that are suitable for everyone from science novices to experts who wish to review elementary concepts and formulas. Your teacher is Professor Jeffrey C. Grossman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a scientist at the forefront of research on new materials.
About

Jeffrey C. Grossman

The Sun is the opposite of a laser. If it were a laser, we’d have an easier time making solar cells because we could tailor our converters of light energy to one specific wavelength.
Dr. Jeffrey C. Grossman is Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He earned his B.A. in Physics from Johns Hopkins University and his M.S. in Physics and his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Before joining MIT, Professor Grossman founded and headed the Computational Nanoscience research group at the University of California, Berkeley, which focused on designing new materials for energy applications. At MIT, he heads a research group devoted to understanding, predicting, and designing novel materials with applications in energy conversion, energy storage, and thermal transport. As a Lawrence Fellow at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, he received the Physics Directorate Outstanding Science and Technology Achievement Award. He was also awarded a coveted Sloan Fellowship soon after joining MIT. Professor Grossman’s current research centers on the development of new solar thermal fuels, the design of nano-scale technologies for sequencing DNA in hours, three-dimensional photovoltaic panels, new materials to convert waste heat into electricity, and more. He has also developed entirely new ways to encourage idea generation and creativity in interdisciplinary science, including ‘speedstorming,’ a method of pair-wise idea generation that works similarly to a round-robin ‘speed-dating’ technique.
REVIEWS
LANAKI

Outstanding

I have bought several courses from your company. As old ChE with 2 degrees, I just wish I had Dr Grossman back in Engineering school. Absolutely wonderful. Exciting, straightforward, clever demonstrations, enthusiastic presenter. So many hours of mental pain I could have saved. Course is good for undergraduates, graduates plus experienced engineers. Fun learning.
Essel

Thermodynamics: energy in nature

This course provides an intuitive understanding of the fundamentals of energy conservation, transfer and directional reactions in nature. This understanding is backed by some simple lab experiments to illustrate the impact of energy transfers on materials. The course, to its credit, is not shy of calling mathematics to establish the relationships between internal internal energy, work and heat further used in the definition of entropy.

I measure the quality of a course to the stimulation of observation and thinking it induces in me, and it does it a lot !